我们即将进入
We are about to enter into
人类有史以来
the most consequential revolution
最重要的革命时刻
in the history of human race.
我们即将开始主宰我们的认知进化
Where we can take control of our cognitive evolution.
我们提到的科技
We're talking about technologies
可以快速地改变人类的现有方式
that could radically alter the way we are as human beings.
我们所预见的是
What we're seeing is that
科技与我们逐渐合而为一
technology is becoming part of us.
因为我们正在把活生生的脑部
Because we're linking biological brains
直接连到机器上
directly to machines.
如果我们可以让你从此
What if we could expand your capabilities beyond
拥有未曾拥有过的能力呢？
what we as humans have never had before?
肯定会有人说
There are a set of people who are going to say,
这是不正常的 是不人道的
this is unnatural, this is inhuman,
我们不应该这样
we shouldn't allow this to happen.
实际上
The fact is, is that, we are transforming
我们正在转化成一个新的物种
into a new species,
一个科技型的物种
a technological species.
没人知道结果会怎样
You don't know what the outcome is going to be.
没人知道这个技术会被怎么使用
You don't know how it will be used.
但如果我们开始修补脑部
But if we start tinkering with the brain,
开始改变它
we start changing it...
那么我们会从根本上改变
Are we about to fundamentally change
人类存在的意义吗？
what it means to be human?
如果是这样的 我们能接受吗？
And if so, are we okay with that?
我是人类
-醒来 -醒来
- Wake up. - Wake up.
-窗帘 -窗帘
- Drapes. - Drapes.
-1号 -1号
- One. - One.
-打开 -打开
- Open. - Open.
我在一个慈善活动里骑自行车
I was riding a bicycle in a charity event...
俄亥俄州克里夫兰市
当时雨下得特别大
it was raining really badly,
我跟着一辆邮车
and I was following a mail truck.
突然那辆车停了
And then all of a sudden it stopped
但是我没刹住
and I didn't.
-窗帘 -窗帘
Drapes - Drapes.
-2号 -2号
- Two. - Two.
-打开 -打开
- Open. - Open.
-升起 -升起
- Head up. - Head up.
-继续 -升起
- Do it. - Head up.
-继续 -升起
- Do it. - Head up.
现在一切都变了
Things are different now.
我是比尔
早上好 科切瓦先生
Good morning Mr. Kochevar.
你好 丹尼尔
Hi, Danielle.
我继续帮你
I'm gonna go ahead
坐上轮椅好吗？
and get you up in the chair, okay?
我四肢瘫痪
I'm a tetraplegic,
完全没有行动能力
which means I can't move my arms or legs
胸部以下完全没有知觉
and I only have feeling from my mid-chest up.
我不是太在意这些
It's okay that I can't feel anything but
但是有时候也难免失落
sometimes I wish I could.
自从受伤之后
After my injury
我就跟父母住一起
I lived with my parents then
在他们过世之后 我就搬到了这里
when my mother and father both passed away, I moved here.
早上好 科切瓦先生
Good morning Mr. Kochevar.
早上好 伊冯
Morning Yvonne.
好啊
Well hello.
今天早上过得怎么样？
How are you this morning?
非常好
I am just lovely, Bill.
有麻痹症状的患者
In people that have paralysis,
神经跟肌肉的连接依然完整
the nerves to their muscles are still intact,
但是却跟脑部断开了联系
but they're cut off from the brain.
帮你侧过去
Let's get you up on your side.
于是他们就失去了
So they lose the ability to voluntarily
自主行动的能力
control their movements.
眼镜放这里
Got your glasses here.
如果我们可以了解
If we can understand the brain's
脑内部控制行动的机制
internal code of movement,
就会大大地帮助我们
it would significantly assist us in
去解决很多医学问题了
better treating a wide range of medical issues.
但是我们目前还不行
But we're not quite there.
卡拉斌医生 接待2185号
Dr. Carradine, pick up at 2185.
像我这样的人
People in my situation,
他们再也不能动了
you know, they just never move again.
有时候想起来挺难过的
It's hard sometimes to think about that.
我一直希望能做到更多
I always want to do more.
比如我希望从这里走到那里
Like, I wanna move from this point
独立完成
to that point without help.
或许自己独立吃点东西
I don't know, probably eat something by myself.
如果可以的话
If it ever happens.
我希望让人帮我端一盘吃的
You know, have somebody bring me a plate of something,
然后跟他说 好 你可以走了
and then I'll say "Okay, you can go away,
我自己吃
"I'm gonna eat this.
你半个小时再回来
"Come back in about half an hour."
当然我也不会想太多
But I don't think about it a lot
因为实现它之前
because I know there's a lot of research
还有很多研究要做
yet to go before that happens.
我们所尝试的
Everything we're trying to do,
我们想成为的
everything we're trying to become,
我们想修复的
everything we're trying to fix,
都在脑部的未知领域里
sits on the other side of the brain.
脑部是我们现有的
The brain is the single highest potential
最具潜力的焦点
area of focus we have in existence.
是我们想实现人生目标的
It is our best tool to do the things we want
最佳工具
to achieve in life,
同时也是我们最大的障碍
it is also the biggest limiter we have.
这个3磅重的东西 就是我们自己的整个宇宙
This three pounds, is our entire universe.
我们的感觉 情绪
Our senses, our emotions.
爱 恨 恐惧 嫉妒
Love, hate, fear, jealousy,
我们怎么活动 怎么控制自己
The way we move, the way we control our body.
我们的文化 语言
Our culture, our language,
我们的期待 梦想 愿望
Our hopes, our dreams, our aspirations
动力 骄傲 惊奇
Motivation, pride, wonder.
脑袋定义了我们
The brain defines what we are.
但由于它总是在幕后
But because the brain runs so efficiently
高效地运转
behind the scenes,
往往只有在出了问题的时候
it's typically only when something goes wrong
我们才会意识到
that we appreciate the magnitude
要搞清楚它的重要性
of what's actually happening there.
加拿大博尔顿市
我不太明白我的脑袋怎么了
I'm not really sure what's happening in my brain.
焦虑 失眠 麻木
Anxiety, insomnia, paralysis.
每个人的帕金森都有所不同
Parkinson's is different for everybody.
取决于你的症状
Just depends on what you get.
我是安
那是只红雀吧？
That's a cardinal, right?
在叫的那只
The one with that whistle, that one.
是的
Yeah.
我和安结婚38年了
Anne and I have been married for 38 years.
看 绣球花还没开
Look, the hydrangeas, it hasn't bloomed.
我觉得安是一个特别温柔的人
I think Anne has one of the most gentle hearts on earth.
不过多年来情况都变了
Things have gradually changed over the years.
她以前是个艺术家
She used to be an artist.
是救济院的自愿者
She was a hospice volunteer.
现在都不存在了
All that had to be left behind.
当我被确诊的时候
When I was diagnosed,
我觉得对我而言最大的问题就是
I think the biggest thing for me was that
我会成为没用的人
I would become useless.
我会成为孩子 丈夫
You know, I'll be a burden to my to my children,
他们的负担
and to my husband.
也是社会的负担
And a burden just in the world.
我最害怕的
One of the Parkinson's symptoms
帕金森的一个症状
that I was always afraid of
就是不能笑
was that you couldn't smile
而且笑的时候非常僵硬
and you smiled you had a stony expression.
很难跟大家交流
It's hard to connect with people.
想和以前一样跟人相处
I'm just way too exhausted and way too disorganized mentally
让我感到心有余而力不足
to be with people the way I used to.
这种疾病
This illness, you know,
除了接受别无他法
all you can do is accept it.
没有比看着你爱的人慢慢失去人性
There's nothing more dehumanizing
更不人道的事情了
than watching someone you love slowly lose their humanhood
然后再看现在神经科学的情况
and yet if you look at the state of neuroscience right now,
依然还有很长的路要走
we still have an incredibly long way to go.
脑部对我们而言就像一个未知的盒子
The brain has always been a black box to us.
曾经 我们对它的工作方式
In the past, we've had rudimentary ideas
有一些初步的设想
of how it works.
我们知道有一些回路是控制视觉
We know that there are circuits that control your vision,
记忆和行动的
your memory, your movement.
但我们还是不知道原理
But we still don't know the code.
不知道内部的联系
We don't know the internal language.
因为脑部是我们所遇到过的
That's because the brain is the most complicated object
最复杂的的物体
we've ever encountered in nature.
你想想
You know, think about it
我们每个人的脑袋里
we have in each human brain,
大概有1000亿个神经元
roughly a hundred billion neurons.
1000亿是以前估计的
100 billion was the old estimate
宇宙中星系的数量
of the number of galaxies in the universe.
每个神经元都跟
Each neuron is as complicated
洛杉矶的复杂程度一样
as the city of Los Angeles.
一根神经元跟周围约1万根神经元相连
It's connecting to about 10,000 of its neighbors
所以大概有500万亿条连接
so you have, 500 trillion connections.
这些神经元们还互相交流
And these neurons they communicate with each other.
相互发出电子信号
And they're firing electrical signals to each other
就像我们电脑里发出0和1的
the same way our computers fire zeros and ones
代码一样
inside of themselves.
设想神经元以我们都无法了解的速度
To think about those individual neurons firing,
特雷西博士 WYSS中心
去发出信号
at a speed that we can't even understand yet,
这简直不敢相信
it's mind-boggling.
虽然难以置信 但这就是我们的脑部
It's so unbelievably complicated and yet somehow it is us.
神经元发出的这些电子信号
The electrical firing of these little neurons
决定了我们
is who you are.
它在说什么
What is it saying?
交流什么
What is it communicating?
加拿大 多伦多市
吉姆喝了一口 把酒还给了麦科伊
Jim drinks and hands the flask back to McCoy.
航天飞机从无数的烟囱
The shuttle rises among the mass of pipes
和船坞围栏中间
and fence in the shipyard
直冲云霄
and arcs up into the sky.
我有先天的生理缺陷
I was born with a condition
但是从一开始没有发现
that didn't surface until later in life.
一切都是白色的
Everything's white.
空无一物
It's blank.
就像看书一样
It's like having a book, you know?
你看到一页有字
You've got a written page
一页空白
and then you've got a blank page.
而我就像看着那空白的一页一样
So I'm looking at a blank page.
我是史蒂芬
我一个人住
I live on my own.
养了只猫
I have a cat.
过来 安吉
Come on, Angie.
这是只二手猫
It's a second-hand cat.
吃饭了
Treat time.
哇 看呀
Oh, look at that.
她本来叫安吉尔
Her name originally was Angel.
我说 不不 她不是安吉尔
And I said, "Nah, she's not an angel,"
所以我叫她安吉
so I gave her Angie.
她现在躲着呢
Yeah, she's hiding somewhere.
当我失明的时候
When I lost my vision,
感觉就像全世界崩塌了一样
it's like the whole world collapsed.
可能其中最难的就是
And probably one of the most difficult thing to do
找人帮忙
is to ask for help.
丹妮斯 你想喝咖啡吗
You want a coffee, Denise?
好 谢谢
Yeah, that'd be great.
深烘的如何
Is Dark Roast fine?
好的 不错
That's good, sounds good.
因为我只有这种了
Good, cause that's all I got.
只要是咖啡就行
As long as it's coffee.
看看还有什么别的
Okay let's see what else we have here.
有时候我们跟兄妹一样地争吵
We fight like brothers and sisters do.
但后来我们变得越来越亲近了
But in the last couple years we've got very very close.
丹妮斯 那是面包机
Oh, that's a toaster Denise.
我分神了
Yeah I got distracted.
他也处过一些对象
He's had relationships, he's had girlfriends.
但是这么多年来
But through the years he just sort of
他还是有点远离大家
pushed everybody away.
你说明天几点来着
What time did you tell me tomorrow?
11点
11?
交谈真的很不方便
It's really very difficult to have a conversation.
因为看不到他们 看不到表情
Because you can't see them, you can't see their expression.
只能听他们的语调
You can only go by the tone of voice.
上次史蒂芬看到我
The last time Stephen saw me was probably
大概是一年半到2年以前了
a year and a half to two years ago.
真的很难受
That's been a really sad thing.
-小心点 -我以为
- Oops, careful. - I thought you're
你要拿着呢
gonna grab it.
-我拿到了 -谢谢
- Oop, I got it. - Okay, thanks.
-我没你那么快 -你得快一点
- I'm not as quick as you are. - You gotta be quick.
我知道
I know.
我非常依赖她
I pretty well depend on her 100%
全心全意的精神支持和帮助
for emotional support and as an intervener.
还有帮我查看信件
And also to check my mail.
我们非常恩爱
We love each other very much.
下午4：06
4:06 p.m.
不过我还是非常怀念独居的时候
But I just miss being independent.
全球大约有10亿人
An estimated one billion people around the world
在饱受着脑部障碍的摧残
that suffer from some sort of brain disorder.
这个国家每66秒
Every 66 seconds a new brain
就有一个人患上艾兹海默症
in this country develops Alzheimer's.
如果没有突破性进展的话
加州洛杉矶市
Without a breakthrough right now
痴呆率每20年会翻倍一次
the dementia rate will double every 20 years.
约有4380万的美国成年人
An Estimated 43.8 million American adults
患有精神病
dealt with a mental illness
他们中约有1000万
and an estimated 10 million of them suffer
患有严重的精神病
from a serious mental illness.
我感觉每个人在某种程度上
I think everybody has personal experience to some degree
都有一定的抑郁 焦虑 帕金森或者艾兹海默
with depression or anxiety, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's.
不论是哪种问题
Whatever the condition is,
对于个人以及爱他们的人来说都是灾难性的
it's devastating to that person, to their loved ones,
对社会也是
and to society.
我经历了10年的慢性抑郁
I experienced a decade of chronic depression
我明白那种深深的绝望感
and I know what it's like to feel hopelessness at a depth.
没有什么比关心一个脑部受损的人更重要了
Nothing is more important than addressing a broken brain.
对我而言 在这个世界上
To me, it's the most important conversation
这样的对话是最重要的
in the entire world.
今天我们有真正的治疗方案了
We have a real treat for you today,
有个大企业家…
a great entrepreneur...
加州旧金山市
今天的嘉宾是一位
Today's guest is the modern American
白手起家的人
rags to riches story,
他从0开始的
he started with nothing.
今天和我们一起的是布瑞恩·强森
Today Bryan Johnson is with us
他在一些生物和科技的重要领域里
who's investing in some of the most important areas
进行了投资
of biology and technology.
在过去的几年中
Over the past couple of years
我建立了一家神经科学公司
I built a neuroscience company
致力于追求脑部研究的突破
where I'm pursuing breakthrough discoveries in the brain.
布瑞恩·强森投资了1亿美金
Bryan Johnson invested $100 million dollars
给他的神经科学公司
in his own neuroscience company.
相信探索人类的脑部
With the belief that unlocking our brain
是有史以来最大的机遇
is the most significant opportunity in history.
大家早上好
Morning everyone.
很多当我跟人们讨论未来的时候
A lot of times when I talk to people about the future
他们拿今天所存在的这些
they'll take what exists today and they...
我几乎每天都从早到晚
I basically spend every waking moment
都在试着让大家明白脑部的研究
trying to convince people that working on the brain
是我们作为一个物种来说
is the single most consequential thing
唯一一件至关重要的事情
we could be doing as a species.
今天我想试着说明一下
Today I would like to try and make the case
我为什么认为大脑至关重要
on why I think the brain is important.
现在我们已经有了工具
We now have the tools to make attempts
来尝试做一些突破
at these breakthroughs.
我们是地球上第一代
We're one of the first generations in the world
不能看清过去15-20年的人
that cannot see past 15-20 years
以及作为一个社会 我们是如何开始
and so as a society, how do we become interested
对快速自我认知进化感兴趣
in this radical cognitive evolution?
我在无数的会议上演讲过
I've spoken at countless conferences.
我写过邮件通讯 博客文章
I write an email newsletter, blog posts,
我还写书
I'm writing a book,
因为我对这个论题着迷
because I am consumed with this discussion,
对我们的现状 我们的潜能
our situation, our potential.
幸运的是在神经科学上
Fortunately there are these fascinating developments
已经有很棒的进展了
going on in neuroscience
就是我们的科技
where our technology is enabling possibilities
让我们有了无限的可能
we never had before.
毋庸置疑 这是种
Possibilities that will undoubtedly
改变人类的可能性
transform the human race.
但是那些第一批
But the first humans already walking down
走上这条进化之路的人
this new evolutionary path
却是那些意想不到之人
are not who most people expect.
你好 我是斯坦·夏巴森
Oh hi, It's Stan Shabason speaking.
我打来想确定一下
I'm just calling to confirm Anne's
安今天下午3点的预约是否有变化
appointment this Tuesday at three p.m.
有在诊所帮我
Someone who I was seeing
度过运动障碍难关的人
through the movement disorder clinic
说我应该接受这个
said there's this procedure called Deep Brain Stimulation
叫深度脑部刺激的方案
that I should be open to.
好的 谢谢你 到时见
Great, thank you very much, we'll see you then.
她尝试了交替治疗
She tried alternative therapies.
不论是理疗法还是整骨疗法
Everything from naturopath, osteopaths,
都没有起作用
nothing seemed to help.
在帕金森患者当中
In Parkinson's disease, the neurons
大脑中产生多巴胺的神经元正在消失
that produce dopamine in your brain are dying.
这会导致颤动 僵化 运动障碍或无法活动
That causes tremor, rigidity, akinesia or inability to move.
所以我们在脑部植入电极
So we implant electrodes inside the brain
来抑制这种
to suppress this abnormal activity
会导致运动系统障碍的脑部活动
that is causing the motor system to shut down.
我们每24小时用1次电击刺激
And we use electrical stimulation 24 hours a day.
据说这样会减轻她的痛苦
We were told this operation would offer her relief.
不过安对任何新的方案都很谨慎
But Anne's very wary of any kind of dramatic procedure.
病人们都很担心
Patients are worried, you know,
跟现在的方案相比 结果会一样吗
"Will I be the same, coming out, as I was going in?"
有人会切开你的大脑
Someone's cutting into your brain.
你也不知道会发生什么
You don't know what's going to happen.
他们特别担心
There's a tremendous amount of anxiety about
自己的外貌
whether they are going to change in their outlook,
个性 积极性 欲望会不会被改变
in their personality, in their motivation, in their drive.
这种脑部手术
You know, this is brain surgery.
是侵入性的
It's invasive.
是种可怕的想法
It is a scary thought.
他们说我的症状可能会改善
They say my symptoms might improve.
但是切开身体装个东西
But cutting your body open and putting things in your body,
我怕自己承担不了这种风险
I don't think I'm capable of risking that.
瑞士日内瓦市
这种关于在大脑里装入电极
The idea of having electrodes that are in your brain,
来刺激脑部的想法
that stimulate your brain,
令人担忧
is something that's a concern for people.
生物技术园区
在设计这些电子设备的时候
And it just puts the burden on being extremely careful
要特别小心谨慎
in the design of these electronics.
这里是维斯中心
Here at the Wyss Center...
我们研发了一种可植入科技
...we develop implantable technology
测试结果表明 它非常安全
and test it to show that it's safe,
而且有效
to show that it's effective.
过程非常复杂
It's a very complex process
而且非常昂贵
and it's a very expensive process.
首先 我们必须要开发脑部电极
First, we have to develop this brain electrode
这是个非常困难的技术挑战
This is a technically very difficult challenge.
我们要避免灰尘 生物污染
We need to avoid dust, biological contamination,
首席技术官 维斯中心
离子污染
ionic contamination.
所以这种电极由特殊材料构成
And so this electrode consists of very special material.
我们接触的是人体内非常敏感的部位
We are touching a very sensitive part of the human body
所以不能乱来
so we can not fool around.
由于有电的东西都会发热
Anything that's powered gets warm,
所以我们用热成像
so we use thermal imaging to understand
来观察它会变得多热
how hot does it get
以及哪个部分会发热
and where does it get hot.
下一步就是一个非常复杂的手术流程
The next step is an extremely complicated surgical procedure
我们要通过
We need to pass the barrier of the scalp,
颅骨上头皮的屏障
of the skull.
把电极植入或植上脑部
And implant the electrode into or onto the brain.
一旦植入后 电极会捕获
Once inside, these electrodes can pick up
神经元之间的微弱电脉冲
the tiny electrical impulses of the neurons
然后将它转换成我们可以理解的信号
and convert them into a signal we can understand
就像数字码一样
like a digital code.
这是个非常非常非常复杂的代码
It's a messy messy messy code.
虽然有1万亿个神经元
There's a hundred billion neurons.
但是一旦你拥有了脑部数据
But once you're getting data out of the brain,
你就会拥有数字信息
you have digital information.
有了数字信息之后
You can do with it anything you can do
就可以大展拳脚了
with digital information.
这个叫做脑机接口
It's called the brain computer interface.
脑机接口
Brain computer interfaces
让我们有能力弄懂大脑
give us the ability to understand the brain,
搞清楚它的电子信号
to understand its electrical signals
来代替它缺失的功能
in order to replace lost function.
这是大脑科学有史以来
Brain science for the first time
在机器的层面上
is showing us how we can understand ourselves
让我们可以了解自己
at the level of the machine.
你能够在脑机接口方面提供的帮助
The spectrum of areas where you can help in brain-computer interfaces
非常广泛
is really tremendous.
我们可以解决精神疾病吗
Could we solve mental illness?
可以治好病人吗
Cure people who are sick?
可以让盲人复明吗
Could we give sight to the blind,
或者让聋人复聪吗
restore hearing to the deaf?
我们可以恢复人类独有的能力吗
Could we restore our unique human capabilities?
就是那些已经消失了的能力
The capabilities that have been taken away?
当医生跟我说起的时候
When my doctor told me about it,
他说 我们有一个研究项目
he said, "We have a research project
有一点科幻
and it's a little Star Treky"
我精神一振 说
And I perked up and said,
那一定很有趣吧
"Oh, well this must be interesting."
它确实像科幻小说里的情节一样
It did seem like something out of science fiction.
所以今天会出现奇迹是吧
So everything's gonna work today, right?
取决于你
Up to you, Bill.
我遇到比尔的时候
I met Bill about, I would say a year
大约是在脑部植入手术的一年前
before we did the brain implant.
舒服吗
Is that good?
我们说 有一个另外的手术
We said, "Another surgery involved,
而且还在实验阶段
and this is experimental.
可能我们的同事们
It's a little bit on the edge
会有一点不能接受
of what our colleagues are ready to accept."
他们已经找病人
They had been looking for a patient
找了一段时间了
for quite a while.
看起来怎么样
How's that look?
不错
Good.
我不能理解为什么
And I couldn't understand why
处于这种情况的人会不想来尝试
somebody along the way wouldn't want to do this.
看起来都很好
Everything's looking good.
我们把两个微电极阵列
We have two microelectrode arrays implanted
植入到比尔的运动中枢
into Bill's primary motor cortex.
16平方毫米的大小
Four by four millimeters in size
以及96个记录电极
and ninety-six recording electrodes.
每个电极都能穿透皮层组织
Each electrode penetrates the cortical tissue,
1.5毫米深
1.5 millimeters in depth
博卢 阿吉博耶 博士 生物医学工程 西部案例储备
and can record the activity of individual neurons.
可以记录下每个神经元的活动
比尔 接下来我们需要
So Bill one of the things we need to do
校正解码器
is we need to calibrate the decoder,
请你看着屏幕并同时想象
so watch and then also imagine
你在做着一样的动作
you're performing those same movements.
我们让他们看手臂的动画
We have them watch an animation of an arm,
想象着自己在做这些动作
imagine themselves as controlling those movements,
然后我们会创建算法
and we'll build this algorithm
用于解码这个动作意图
decoding the movement intention.
很好
Excellent.
然后我们把这个意图
We then send that intention
发送到植入在比尔手上的电极
to electrodes implanted in Bill's arm and hand.
我们的目的是恢复行动能力
And our goal is to restore movement.
好了比尔 我要继续了
Okay Bill, I'm gonna go ahead
把你和这个连接到一起 好吗
and connect you to that, all right?
好
Yes.
连上了
Okay, it's on.
如果比尔脑部的电子活动
If the electrical activity in Bill's brain
能正确地进行刺激
can stimulate in the right pattern,
你就能让手动起来去开门和关门了
you can get an arm to move, a hand to open, a hand to close.
把那个和卡连上
Connect that to the card.
想象伸手和抬手
Imagine reaching out, imagine reaching up.
好 对了
All right, here we go.
但也有不成功的时候
But it may not work.
我脑内的信号会变
The signals change in my brain,
他们为此煞费苦心
so that's a task they struggle with a lot.
我们相信它的潜力是巨大的
We believe the potential is massive.
但是仍有许多技术上的挑战
But there are some technical challenges
我们在不断克服
we are working towards overcoming.
在神经科学上的突破
It's extraordinarily difficult
是极为艰难的
to make breakthroughs in neuroscience.
科学家们正在努力解决着难题
Scientists are tackling these really complicated problems,
尝试着别人
trying to do things that other people
觉得不可能的事情
consider to be impossible.
这让人既兴奋
And it makes it both an extremely exciting time
又害怕
but also, it's daunting
因为我们不知道
because we don't know the best approach
最佳方案是什么
to make progress.
神经科学难以有所建树
中心实验室
There's many reasons why neuroscience
是有很多原因的
is an extremely difficult field to build in.
不仅在获取合适的神经信号上
You not only have the technological challenge
有技术挑战
of getting good neural signal,
同时在解码它的时候
but then you also have the scientific challenge
又有科学挑战
of figuring out how to decode a signal.
光学上 我们在设计软件的时候
Optics, we're looking at geometries
考虑的是几何图形
in our design of the hardware.
因此对资金的需求
Then you have intense capital requirements often times
往往高达数亿美元
in the hundreds of millions of dollars.
布莱登 我们的预算怎么样了
Brandon, how are we doing on budget?
我们得在计划时间内完成
We need this done in that timeframe.
我知道这很困难
I know it's gonna be a lot.
最后 关于安全
And finally, you have important safety
和伦理方面的考虑也很重要
and ethical considerations.
简单来说 就是非常不容易
It's challenging, to say the least.
但是我觉得在脑部研究
But I think it is absolutely essential
取得突破是至关重要的
that we make breakthroughs in the brain.
如果成功了
If we can do that,
我们就可以客服生理的局限
we can overcome our biological limitations.
我们可以跳过阻止我们前进的东西
We can reject the things that stop us from moving forward.
多伦多西部医院
福特医生 请拨114
Dr. Ford, please dial 114.
这个方案完全是偶然发现的
This procedure was purely by accident.
史蒂芬去了他的眼科专家那里
Stephen had been to his eye specialist.
他说 我知道一个神奇的医生
He said, "I know a doctor who is doing some amazing things."
这个安格斯方案
It's called the Argus procedure.
他们已经给8-10个病人做了
They've done between eight and ten patients already.
他们在眼下面植入芯片
They implant a chip underneath the eye,
电极装进脑部
and electrodes are hooked up to the brain.
你好 史蒂芬 我是德文伊医生
Hi, Stephen, it's Dr. Devenyi, how are you?
这个方案 确实是我们做的
This procedure, it's for sure the most complicated
最复杂的方案
operation we do.
-效果肯定很好的 -嗯
- This won't be bad. - Sure.
我取消了今天所有的安排
I cleared my schedule today
-专门为了这个治疗 -很好
- just for this occasion. - Good.
罗伯特德文尼博士 多伦多西部医院
对眼部是一个大的侵入
And it's a significant intrusion into the eye.
其实眼部有一个波段
Basically there's a band that goes around the eye.
以前被我们忽视了
Far back, we don't see it.
那就是接受和发射电极
And that has the receiving and transmitting electrodes.
同时那里有一部分
And then there's a portion from that...
这是一项新技术
It's a new technology,
还没有全面的了解
so I'm not like I got a brochure.
不能100%保证
It's not a hundred percent, so
所以可能会出错
something could go wrong.
一会儿见
I'll see you soon.
-我们会搞定的 -非常感谢
- We'll get this done. - Thank you very much.
好的 保重
Okay, take care.
但是当你到55岁的时候
But you reach a point when you're 55 years old,
双目失明
you're blind.
那时候应该何去何从呢
Where do you go from there?
所以我就说 是啊 为什么不试试呢
So I said, yeah sure, why not?
我时间多着呢
I got lots of time.
如果你按这个单子做的话
If you could do this list,
我们得记得明天去告诉医生
we have to remember to tell the doctor tomorrow.
好的
Okay.
你吃药的半小时之前
So half hour before your meds.
做什么都得慢一点
Everything slows down.
我腿的疼痛
That writhing of my leg...
有几个月了
It's been several months.
要做手术的决定
And this decision for the surgery,
对她来说确实很难
it's been very difficult for her of course
对我也是挑战
and challenging for me.
不过孩子和我
But my kids and I
都鼓励她多考虑一下
are encouraging her more and more to consider it.
两条腿都痛还是只是右腿
Both legs are cramping or just your right leg?
只是右腿
No just my right leg.
右侧腿脚绞痛
Right foot and leg cramping.
把你的右脚放倒左膝上
Right foot over your left knee.
换一下
Let's switch.
她的症状越来越严重
Her symptoms are growing worse and worse.
换到左边来
Come over to the left.
右腿放进来
Pull your right leg in,
我的丈夫非常好
My husband's been incredible.
但我担心的是
But the thing that I'm concerned about is that
不只是我一个人有这种病
not only do I have the illness,
他也有
he has the illness.
他们家族都有
My family has the illness.
距离上次我们同床
Last time that we were sleeping in the same bed
已经有好几年了 我都记不起来了
it's been at least a few years, I can't remember anymore.
我不想成为受虐狂
I don't want to be a masochist
因为我坚持正确的选择
because of my insistence on one way being the right way.
但是当结果会影响到更多人的时候
But when it affects so many people,
你就有责任
I think you also have a duty
去做更明智的选择
to try what's reasonable.
所以
So...
我决定去做手术
I've decided to do it.
我不期待奇迹
I don't expect a miracle.
不期待坐上飞机
I don't expect to be boarding a plane
去土耳其旅行
and going to Turkey.
但是我想在合理的范围内
But I would like to move about on my own freely,
靠自己自由地活动
within reason.
-窗帘 -窗帘
- Drapes. - Drapes.
-打开 -打开
- Open. - Open.
经历了意外之后
After my accident,
抬头
Head up.
他们诊断了我说
They gave me the diagnosis and told me
你可能会四肢瘫痪
"You'll probably be a tetraplegic
至整个余生
for the rest of your life."
升起
Head up.
但是谁知道会有什么突破
But who knows what breakthroughs will happen?
以前 除了接受现实
Before, there didn't seem to be any other solution
没有其他突破性的方案
to break out of this except to make peace with it.
但是我不再是那么能接受它了
But I'm not so interested in making peace with it anymore.
我想要独自居住
I would like to be able to live independently
独自旅行
and travel independently.
我想再做做艺术工作
I would love to be doing artwork again.
就用艺术表达我自己
You know, just being able to express myself artistically.
或许我可以在轮椅上
Maybe I'll be able
四处走走
to move around in my chair,
捡个东西 吃点什么
pick something up, eat something.
我期待着那天
Yeah I'm hoping for that day.
我不需要一个完美的人生
I don't need a perfect life.
不需要最好的东西
I don't need the best of anything.
我只希望重新体验一下人类的感觉
I just want to feel human again.
首先我们要在他们的颅骨上
The first thing we do is bolt a frame
装一个架子
onto their skull.
什么尺寸
What are the measurements please?
他们必须保持清醒
And they have to be awake.
安 感觉怎么样
Anne, how are you doing?
然后我们在头上钻两个洞
We then drill two holes in their head.
好 开始吧
Okay, let's go.
之后我们把电极植入
We then place electrodes within trouble-making areas
脑部有问题的区域
in the brain.
这一过程必须丝毫不差
This is a game where you have to be within one millimeter.
尺寸多少
What are the measurements please?
差之毫厘
That one millimeter means a difference
谬以千里
between success and failure.
准备降到0
We're gonna go down to zero.
大概就放在那个位置
We put it about there.
好的 开始了
Alright, so we're in.
开始录制神经元
So we should start recording neurons.
安
Anne?
我们现在可以听到你脑袋里的
We're starting to hear some of the neurons
神经元了
in your brain now.
一旦进去了
Once we're inside,
我们就让病人动动手或腿
we get the patient to move their arm or their leg,
来看看他们的神经元是否被激活
and we see whether those neurons are activated.
所以这个神经元参与了肩部运动
So this neurons is involved with moving the shoulder.
清洗好了吗
Cleaned?
是的
Yes.
钳子
Forceps?
史蒂芬的手术是我职业生涯中
Steven's procedure is truly the most remarkable
见过的进展惊人的
development that I've witnessed in my career
而且有些东西我真的认为我们大部分人
and truly something I didn't think any of us
罗伯特德文尼教授 首席眼科医生 多伦多西部医院
一辈子也见不到
would see in our lifetimes.
准备植入
Ready for the implants.
从本质上来说 它是
It essentially is a coalescence
人和机器的合并
of machine and man
这确实难以理解
in a way that is really quite hard to fathom.
好了
We're good.
卡尺
Calipers please?
安
Anne?
现在准备给你体内的电极
We're now gonna start to put some electricity
通电了
through your electrode.
我们能看到的是
What we're seeing is that technology's
科技已经成为了我们的一部分
becoming part of us.
当我数到3的时候
When I say three tell me
告诉我有没有什么感觉
how you feeling, OK?
因为我们把活生生的脑袋
Because we are linking biological brains
直接连到机器上
directly to machines.
仔细看她的脸
Look at her face carefully,
她的唇部有收缩
there was a contraction in her lip.
1 2 3
1, 2, 3.
那么4就是面部动作
So four is definitely moving her face.
如果你看着机器
If you look at machines,
他们是可靠的 对吧
they're capable, right?
还可以
Still there.
它们更大 更快 更强
They're bigger, they're faster,they're stronger,
达斯汀泰勒博士 生物医学工程 西部案例
诸如此类的
all that stuff.
现在到玻璃体切除术了
Go ahead with the vitrectomy now.
人类是一种脆弱的野兽
The human's a fragile beast,
但是人类有创造力 智力 还能不断超越
but it's creative and it's smart and it can push beyond.
电极在运行吗
Electrodes are functioning?
是的
Yes.
让这些成为共生体
Bring 'em together in symbiosis,
对焦
Focus on.
很好
That's good.
我们可以保留
we can keep the pieces
让我们成为人类的东西
that make us human,
并以前所未有的方式
use the advantages of the machine
来利用机器
in ways we haven't been able to do before.
记号笔
Marking pen please.
通过将电子元件和
By this combination of electronics
人体组合到一起
and the human body,
开始注入了吗？
Is the infusion on?
我大胆猜测这就是医学界
I would hazard to say it's one of the most amazing
最大的成果之一
achievements in all of medicine.
钳子
Forceps.
能够让那些走投无路的人们
To be able to give back abilities
恢复本来的能力
to people that otherwise had no options whatsoever,
注入三羧酸循环
Load the tac.
安全
Secure.
真的是振奋人心
It's really quite remarkable.
安
Anne?
你要入睡了
You're going to go to sleep.
然后我们会把电池放入你的胸部
And after that we're going to put the battery in your chest.
好了
Okay.
我们目前只能看到这种技术的开端
We are just seeing the very beginnings of this technology.
我们将在这里装一个电极
So we're gonna leave an electrode here.
人和机器之间有
Where there will be a blurring of the boundary
一个模糊的界限
between machine and biology
两者总有一天会合二为一
and the two will, one day, merge.
成功了
We're done.
事实上 我们正在转化成
The fact is is that we are transforming
一个新的物种 一个科技物种
into a new species, a technological species.
冲破那些
It's really crossing the skin into
人们所认同的自己
the holy grail, the brain, and all these things
关于圣杯 脑部 之类的旧理念
that people associate with being who we are
真的不容易
that people are somewhat uncomfortable with.
如果我们可以突破大脑极限
If we can change what our brains can do,
那意味着什么
what does that mean?
当我们准备介入大脑的时候
As we're trying to intervene in the brain,
我们也需要清醒地意识到涟漪效应
we need to be very conscious of the ripple effects.
不知道结果会是什么样的
You don't know what the outcome is going to be.
对于一些人来说 它就像科幻小说一样遥远
For some people, it's a sci-fi step too far.
世界上有那么几十万人
There's a few hundred thousand people in the world
已经在脑袋里使用了植入技术
who currently have implanted technology in their brain,
但是很少有人知道
and not many people know that.
当然 如果知道的话
And knowing that of course
会改变到人们
I think it changes people's perspectives
对这件事情的看法
that this has happened....
我们要把你的小臂放进一个夹板里
Okay we're gonna put your forearm in a splint.
这已经发生了
It's happening.
好了 开始
All right, here we go.
而且还在以
And it's now moving at a speed
前所未有的速度发展
that is much faster than before.
很好
That's good.
再来一次
Try it again.
不过事实是
But the reality is
植入技术是让人感到害怕的
implantable technology is intimidating.
很贵而且需要进入身体
It's expensive, invasive,
只会推荐给那些
and only recommended for people
身患严重疾病和机能障碍的人
with severe disease and dysfunction.
但如果事实并非如此呢
But what if that wasn't the case?
如果我们有一种可以广泛连接的脑部科技呢
What if we had brain technology that was broadly accessible?
如果
And what if...
不需要手术呢
it didn't require surgery?
幸运的是我们已经有所收获了
Fortunately we are reaching a point
而且可能性正在不断变大
where these possibilities are emerging.
设想你的大脑有个接口
Imagine you had a brain interface
可以直接把头放上去
you could just put on your head,
不需要手术 而且你还能
no surgeries required and you could see
看到你所有的大脑活动
all of your brain activity.
不光是你意识到的
Not just what you're aware of,
还包括你所有的大脑的活动
but all of your brain activity.
所有的想法 担心
All of your thoughts, concerns,
都在面前一览无遗
it was just out in front of you.
比如说你饱受焦虑
So for example if you struggle with anxiety,
你就能看到你的大脑活动显示
you'd see in your brain activity
你今天有94次这个想法
that you've had this thought 94 times today
它可能不是必要的
and it's probably not necessary.
但如果这能帮助你
Could this help you
你就可以不用去想94次了
so you don't have that thought 94 times?
或者你可以看到你限制自己
Or can you see in this thought process
去做某件事情的这一思维过程
that you were limiting your ability to do something
因为你不相信你能做到
because you didn't believe you could do it?
但那是个限制性思维
But that's a limiting belief.
其实你可以做到
You really can do it.
如果我们有这种可以
And if we have the technology that gives us the ability
提升脑部功能的技术
to improve how our brains function,
我们会重新考虑那些经常阻碍我们的事吗
can we rethink the things that have always held us back?
正好有人在建造
As someone who's building these tools
与脑部连接的工具
to interface with the brain,
我的期待是我们能达到一个
my hope is that we get to a point
技术进步的水平
in technological advancements
我们不再受限于科技
where we are not limited by our technology,
我们被它赋能 所以这是一个
we're empowered by it, so it is a matter of choice
关于我们想成为什么样子的选择
of what we want to become.
我们正处于一个
We're at the moment where there are a lot
很多科技都在崭露头角的时候
of very rapidly emerging technologies.
脑机接口正在成为
Brain computer interfaces are starting to become part
社会主流
of mainstream society.
已经有技术可以从脑部
There already is technology that can pick up simple,
世界最大的消费电子展 拉斯维加斯消费电子展 2013
提取简单的电子活动了
electrical activity from your brain
通过这些 例如消费者脑电图描记器设备
through these things, like consumer EEG devices.
智能头箍是一个便携的
The Emotiv Insight is a portable,
可穿戴设备
wearable device that allows you to
它可以获取你大脑内部的实时情况
capture what's going on in your brain in real time.
如果使用这个设备
If I wear one of these devices I can start to decode
我就能知道我到底是疲倦还是清醒
whether or not I'm drowsy or awake,
注意力集中还是分神了
whether or not paying attention or I'm unfocused,
妮塔法拉哈尼博士 法律与哲学教授 杜克大学
生气或是其他的情绪状态
angry or experiencing some other kind of emotional state.
这是我大脑现在的样子吗
So this is my brain right now?
是的
This is your brain right now.
-天啊 -实时的
- Oh my gosh. - In real time.
厉害了
This is wild.
还有很多人用头戴设备
There are also a number of people using headsets
来集中精神达到更好的状态
to focus and perform better.
你可以在网上买到经颅直流电刺激设备
You can buy a TDCS device online
或者你也可以去视频网站自己学着做一个
or you can go to youtube and build one yourself.
我一直在非常努力地实验
I have been experimenting in an effort
希望可以真的看到一些炫酷的认知增强
to hopefully see some really awesome cognitive enhancement.
米格尔尼科利斯博士 神经科学专家 杜克大学
未来的脑部对接可能是
The future of brain interfaces is probably
最吸引人的未知部分
the most fascinating unknown
因为我们还处于初期阶段
because we are at the infancy of this.
随着我们不断地破解大脑密码
As we crack the code of the brain,
我们会驾驭我们的生活
we're handing the reins of our own lives,
控制我们自己的大脑
of our own minds to us.
我们可以选择怎么思考 选择自己的身份
We get to choose how we think, who we are.
随着社会不断提升
As we get better and better as a society
脑部介入的能力
at building brain interfaces,
这些技术可以被
these can be applied to every aspect
全方位地应用于我们的生存
of our biological existence.
华盛顿州西雅图市
我们可以教你一种技术吗
Could we teach you a new skill?
我们可以帮你传达
Could we help you communicate the emotion
你的情感给你的爱人吗
you're feeling to a loved one?
华盛顿大学实验室
我们能做什么又不能做什么
What can and can't we do?
好了 普勒斯顿
Alright then Preston.
实验马上开始
The experiment will begin shortly.
当你被提问的时候 如果答案是对
Once you are asked a question, look on the left hand side
就看着左手边
if the answer to that question is yes.
如果答案是错
Look on the right hand side if the answer
就看着右手边
to that question is no.
明白了吗
Does that make sense to you?
嗯
Yes.
很好
Wonderful.
舒服吗
Are you comfortable?
嗯
Mm.
1号对象目前戴着脑电波帽
Subject number one is wearing an EEG cap
以便于记录
to record electrical fluctuations
脑电流波动
from their brain.
2号对象正在接收
Subject number two is receiving the information
脑后部的磁脉冲信息
through a magnetic pulse to the back of the brain.
目前的实验中
In the current experiment,
我们有两个人在不同的房间
we have two subjects in two different rooms,
进行着20个问答游戏
playing a game of 20 questions.
最大的区别是
The big difference is that the two people asking
尚特尔帕特博士 神经科学家 华盛顿大学
他们的问答都是通过
and answering questions are doing so using only signals
脑部信号来完成
from their brains.
经颅磁刺激准备完毕
TMS is armed.
分类上是动物
The category is animals.
有8个可选答案
There are eight possible answers.
数据良好
Data is looking good.
继续
Let's go ahead.
你可以答第一题了
You can send the first question.
答案是 是
The answer is yes.
很好
Excellent.
不论他们是在同一个房间
It doesn't matter if they're in the same room
还是相隔万里
or on the other side of the world.
我们可以提取一方脑部信息
We can extract the information from one brain,
传输到可以编码到
transmit it to a device that can encode
另一方脑部的设备上
information into another brain.
错
No.
最终 这项科技的目标
Ultimately,the goal of this technology
是为了提升人类体验
is to improve the human experience.
在没有语言的前提下
To offer up the possibility of sharing
把我脑中的内容 情感状态
the contents of my mind, my emotional state
分享到另一个人脑中
into somebody else, without words.
当我们可以突破语言界线
When we can understand someone
来理解他人的时候
without the barrier of different languages,
我们之间就会更加亲近
we could start to blur the boundaries between us.
全世界的人
We could start to see the whole world
从此都能够
as members of our tribe
同心同德
and have more empathy and compassion for them.
很难预见
It's always really hard in advance to know
社会是否正处于转折点
when you're at a turning point in society,
妮塔法拉哈尼博士 法律与哲学教授 杜克大学
当科技具有改革能力的时候
when technology is gonna be so transformative
一切都会改变
that everything will change.
但问题在于 我们现在到这个点了吗
And the question is, are we there right now?
我们会从根本上
Are we about to fundamentally change
改变人类吗
what it means to be human?
如果是的话
And if so,
我们能接受吗
are we okay with that?
安全测试
Safety test.
第二视觉实验室
智能设备史蒂芬植入
Stephen's implant is a brilliant device
主要有两个部分
that essentially has two components.
一个缝在眼周的环
A band that's sewn around the eye
上面带有60个电极去刺激视网膜
with 60 electrodes on it that stimulate the retina.
戴上眼镜
Glasses on.
还有一副
And a pair of glasses
带有摄像机
with a video camera on it
可以无限传输图案
that sends images wirelessly
到眼球表面的电极
to the electrodes on the surface of the eyeball.
开始
Beginning.
这些图片会沿着
Those images then travel along
人体的视神经传送到脑部
the natural pathway of the optic nerve to the brain.
电极激活
Electrodes activated.
连接成功
You have good connection.
现在我们要激活你的设备
We're gonna activate your device.
关灯
Light off.
把灯开到最亮
Big light on please.
请用游戏手柄
Respond yes or no as to whether
来回答
you're able to perceive something or not
你是否能感受到些什么
using the game controller.
好的
Okay.
我们需要了解你体内的电极
So we wanna see how much stimulation
需要多少刺激
each of your electrodes needs.
好
Right.
发送刺激信号
Sending stimulation.
我看到了闪光
I see something flashing.
好的 收到
Got it, okay.
又有一个闪光
Another flash.
好
Okay.
看起来变亮了吗
Does it seem any brighter?
太亮了
Too bright.
重置
Reset.
好的 那我稍微
Okay then I'm just gonna tweak
调下设置
some settings a little bit.
继续感受最后的电极
Go ahead and respond to this last electrode.
哦
Oh.
很微弱 我能看到一点手 对
Very faintly, I can see a bit of the hand, yeah.
很好
That's good.
继续扫描看看
Go ahead and scan and see
你能感知到什么
what you are able to perceive.
左边 右边
You know, to the left, to the right.
什么都没有
There's nothing there.
没错我什么都没看到
Yeah I'm not picking up anything.
稍微调节一下
Doing some adjustments right now.
发送刺激信号
Setting stimulation.
哦
Oh!
我看到了
I see something there.
好的
Okay.
我是说 我看到那边有一点轮廓
I see, I mean, I've got the silhouette right there.
好的
Okay.
启动
Trigger.
继续
Continue responding.
我看到你了
I see you.
没搞错吧
Am I right?
好久不见了 史蒂芬
It's been a long time, Stephen.
丹妮斯吗
Denise?
是我
Yes.
你现在就在看着我
You're looking right at me.
不好意思
Sorry.
太棒了 史蒂芬
That's huge, Stephen.
感觉特别好
It's a nice feeling.
太好了
That's great.
读一下
Read that.
好
Okay.
我在这看到了一些东西
I see something there.
我相信他会越来越好的
I think he'll get out more, he'll do more,
他会跟人们交流
he'll meet people.
我看到她就在我面前
Okay I see her right in front of me.
这会帮他打开一个新的世界
It'll open up a whole new world.
就是她
It's her.
没错
Exactly.
天啊 丹妮斯 你都老了
My, Denise, how you've grown.
我们的希望是病人们能大致看到物体
The hope is our patients see edges of objects,
地铁上的空位 人体的线条
empty seats on subways, the outlines of people.
甚至是烟花
Even fireworks.
但是随着技术不断地进步
But as the technology's been improving,
他们会看到更多
they see more and more.
可以无限
There's no limit to how much you could
放大物体
crank up the magnification
和我们能看到的细节
and what sort of details we could potentially see.
虽然我们目前所拥有的假眼
Right now, the prosthetic eyes that we have
阿古斯二代 VS 人的视觉
还远远不及人眼
are not anywhere near as good as human eyes,
但是它们会越来越好
but eventually they'll be better.
为什么我们不给它们加上红外线技术
And why couldn't we add infrared vision to them,
或者紫外线技术呢
or UV vision to them?
所以我们最新的
So one of the latest experiments
实验项目之一就是
that we've been working on is
用红外相机代替传统相机
using an infrared camera instead of the regular camera
病人们就能够实现夜视了
so patients could actually see in the dark.
我们目前的科技主要是
Our technology right now is about helping people
帮助有疾病或者经济状况不好的人
with diseases or deficits of some sort
但是这其实和
but it's this exact same technology
我们能扩展自己的技术完全一致
that will allow us to expand ourselves.
大卫伊戈曼博士 作者 神经科学家 斯坦福大学
扩展我们现有的 扩展我们的感官
Expand our reality, expand our senses,
扩展我们身体的所有潜力
expand what we can do with our bodies.
多伦多西部医院 克雷姆比尔神经科学中心
左边
The left side.
大概130赫兹 60毫秒
About 130 hertz, 60 microseconds.
我来检查一下基线
Let me check your baseline.
这是
So this is...
放松
Relax.
这是个很极端的手术
It was an extreme procedure.
他们切开我的头部
I mean they sliced my head open,
插进管子
they stuck tubes in.
胆小的人是不行的
It's not for the faint of heart.
大脑深部刺激的手术
Deep Brain Stimulation
由两个部分组成
is a two part surgical procedure.
首先将电极植入脑部
The electrodes are implanted in the brain
然后连接到胸内的起搏器
and then connected to a pacemaker in their chest.
3.5伏
3.5 volts.
我们可以用遥控器
With a remote control, we are able to adjust
来调整传递到大脑的电流
how much current is delivered to the brain.
几乎没有强直现象
Almost no rigidity.
特别像你在调整电视机音量
Very much like you would control the volume
或换台一样
or change the channels on your television set.
我会每次调高0.5伏电压
I will build up the voltage by .5 volts every step.
每次调整之后就会检查你的强直程度
In between steps I will check your rigidity.
和其他症状
And the symptoms.
有什么感觉吗
Did you feel anything?
还没有
Not yet, no.
那我再调高一点点
So I'll go a little higher.
这里1.5伏 这里也是
1.5 here and here 1.5.
3.5伏 80%
3.5 volts, 80%.
哇
Well this, whoa,
左脚的脚趾弹了起来
my toes are really pulling on my left foot.
就像这样
They're going way up like that.
这是好迹象
It's a good sign.
-我左边有感觉了 -左边吗
- I feel my left side. - Left side?
是啊 脚底有点刺痛
Yeah, tingling on the bottom of my feet.
通过电流刺激
By using electrical stimulation,
我们不仅能抑制症状
not only can we suppress the symptoms
还能发现从未探索过的
but we're able to discover new areas
大脑新的区域
and new functions of the brain
和新的功能
where no man has ever gone before.
呃 我的舌头越来越大了
Ugh, my tongue is getting bigger and bigger.
就像要堵住喉咙了
Feels like, uh, down my throat.
感觉好些的时候告诉我
Tell me when it gets better.
我们也发现这项技术
We're also realizing that this technique
可以用于治疗其他的功能失调
could be used to treat other disorders
比如艾兹海默 抑郁症
like Alzheimer's Disease, like depression,
甚至是肥胖
maybe even obesity.
天啊 我说不出来
Oh my goodness, I can't describe it.
好点了吗
Is it better now?
比刚刚
Improving?
-好些了 -嗯
- It's improving. - Yeah.
好了
Okay, all right.
从那个角往返走
Let's just walk to that corner back and forth.
很好
Very good.
看来我们应该选择第3套方案
Let's see, so we'll pick contact three.
我相信在未来的
I am convinced that in the future,
10年 20年或者30年
I don't know if it'll be 10, 20, 30 years from now,
如果你说 我很想变得更加智慧
if you said I really would like to be smarter,
更快乐 想有更多的动力 野心
to be happier, I'd like to have more drive, more ambition.
按道理来说 没有任何理由
There's no reason why, at least in theory,
你不能探索到那些区域 适应那些行为
you couldn't go to these areas and adjust the activity.
有紧急情况的时候把这个关掉就行
For emergencies, you need to turn it off,
这样就会关掉
this shuts it off.
好的
Okay.
假设你有一个表盘
Imagine you have a set of dials
然后你说 我想变得更外向
and you can say, "Oh, I want to be more extroverted,
更善解人意 更加努力
more empathetic and harder working."
想象一下 你只需要带着这个想法按一个键
Imagine you could just do that on-demand
就能达到目标
by pushing a button.
就这么简单
Just like that.
思考我们的科技
It's very interesting to contemplate
会把我们带到哪里
where will technology take us.
并且作为人类 它能不能够使我们成长 是非常有意思的
And as humans will it be able to make us
我们变得更好吗
better than we currently are?
北卡罗来纳州 达勒姆
同学们好
Welcome, class.
今天的课题是神经伦理学
杜克大学
Today's lecture is about neuroethics.
我们正处于真正解锁
We are on the cusp of being able to truly unlock
人类大脑秘密的尖端
the secrets of the human brain.
不仅如此
But more than that,
妮塔法拉哈尼博士 法律与哲学教授
我们不仅可以了解
more than being able to understand
大脑里面发生着什么
what's happening in the brain,
也可以对它做许多精确的改动了
now we're able to make a lot of very precise changes to it.
有多少人觉得你们的自我感知
How many of you feel like your sense of self
就在大脑里
is in your brain?
大多数 对吧
Many of you, right?
你们大部分都认为脑部就是
Many of you identify your brain as the place
自我认知的所在
that you recognize your sense of self identity.
真我所在
The place that you sort of think of you as being located.
如果你做些改变
And if you change that,
加入一些机器部分
if you start to add machines to it,
注入电极
if you start to implant electrodes to it
到什么程度会开始出现问题呢？
at what point does that start to become problematic?
这些技术给我们带来巨大的好处
There is great benefit to these technologies,
但是同时也有风险
but there are risks.
比如谁有介入这些设备的权限呢
For example who has access to those devices?
谁来驱动和改变这些设备呢
Who gets to drive and change those devices?
不论是黑客 合作方
Whether it's hackers, corporations,
政府或者其他人
governments, other people,
当今的社会能给出什么样的保护呢
what protections if any exist within society today?
它正在成熟
It's arriving.
除非我们今天就开始
And unless we start deciding today
决定出保护头脑的方案
what kinds of protections you want for your brain,
否则就来不及了
it may be too late.
这会不会让你们不适
Does that make you uncomfortable?
因为这已经不可避免
Because that's where we're going.
2017马克·扎克伯格宣布脸书脑计划
我们在脑机接口
The work that we're doing in
所付出的努力
direct brain interfaces
最终会让大家在某天
that are gonna eventually one day
只需要用脑部进行交流
let you communicate using only your mind.
在最近的短短几年
In just the last few years, there's been
突然在脑机接口领域
this sudden rush to fund more aggressive,
有了更激进求快的投入
more radical work in interfacing to the brain.
埃隆·马斯克在社交媒体上
Elon Musk is creating a big stir
搞出了大新闻
on social media this morning.
埃隆·马斯克成立了大脑芯片公司
Elon Musk has launched Neuralink.
他们的目标是建立人脑和电脑之间的连接
They will aim to connect the human brain with computers.
可以让任何想要拥有超人类认知的人
That will enable anyone who wants
如愿以偿
to have super human cognition.
但是上亿人
But billions of people
都拥有强劲的认知能力吗
with enhanced cognitive ability?
-快速增强 -是的
- Radically enhanced? - Yes, yes.
把威士忌给我
Pass that whiskey.
越来越荒唐了
This is getting ridiculous.
脑机科技是史无前例的
What's happening in the brain is unprecedented.
而且发展得越来越快
It's moving faster now than ever before.
脸书前副总裁宣布脑接口计划
总之 我们有一个目标
Together we have a goal of typing,
那就是 直接用大脑打字
five times faster
而且比你在手机上打字
than you can type on your phone,
快了5倍
straight from your brain.
但这只是开始而已
And we're just getting started.
鲍比卡苏里博士 神经科学家 芝加哥大学
如果你洞悉了脑部
If you understand the brain,
你就拥有了巨大的力量
you get a tremendous amount of power to leverage.
有些程序员叫它脑部黑客
Some programmers call it brain hacking
科技界可能更希望你
and the tech world would probably prefer
不去了解相关信息
you didn't hear about it.
如果苹果 谷歌 脸书
We can't underestimate the incredible
这些坐拥超过20亿用户的公司要是了解了用户每天的想法
unchecked power that Google, Apple, Facebook have
特里斯坦哈里斯 谷歌前设计伦理学家
这种未知的力量是非常强大的
over what two billion people are thinking every day.
扎克伯格在数据泄露丑闻中向国会作证
这可比基督教徒人数多太多了
That's more than the number of followers of Christianity.
这就像私人的超能力
These are like private superpowers
他们的目标跟我们的可不一样
whose goals are not the same as our goals.
上周脸书透露了
Last week Facebook revealed
他们正在研发
that they are working
可以读懂人心的科技
on technology to read people's minds.
是啊 我们简直生不如死了
Ah, yeah, we're in ing hell you guys,
我不知道该说些什么
I don't know what to say.
人们更倾向于把信息
People are far more likely to give up information
给到他们所认为的
about their brain to what they think are,
这些无耻的公司
these faceless corporations
但是确实是有人在幕后驱使
but they're really people who are driving that.
我们最好的了解脑部的算法之一
One of the best algorithms that we have
来自于谷歌
for mapping the brain comes from Google.
谷歌有能力
Google is able to collect
收集来自用户的海量信息
an amount of information about its users
多到足以让国土安全局惊慌失措
that would even make the NSA blush.
我想让自己的脑部数据
Do I want my brain data
完全被谷歌占有吗
ultimately owned by Google?
目前我还做不到
I'm not sure I'm comfortable with that just yet.
谷歌关于
The Google policy
这些的政策
about a lot of these things
谷歌前首席执行官 埃里克施密特
就在越界的边缘徘徊
is to get right up to the creepy line but not cross it.
在你脑袋里植入东西
Implanting things in your brain
就是越了界
is beyond the creepy line
至少目前是这样
at least for the moment.
不论我们是只用手机
Whether we're just using phones
还是做脑部植入
or we have brain implants,
历史总是被恶意所左右
history is littered with good intentions.
谁该决定我们应该去向哪里
Who's to say where we should go?
特里斯坦哈里斯 谷歌前设计伦理学家
谁该决定什么才是对大家最好的
Who's to say what's best for people?
是那些敢于冒险的公司吗
Is it going to be chancing corporations,
是惊慌失措的政府吗
is it going to be panicking governments,
还是知之甚少的大众来管管呢
an ill informed public, over this thing?
总得有人来监督
Somebody's got to keep close watch on this.
该是谁呢
Who's going to do that?
加州洛杉矶市
风险在于我们不知道未来是怎么样
The risk is we don't know what the future holds.
我们该引进如此
Should we even attempt to introduce technology
大规模的科技吗
like this on a mass large scale?
是的
That's right.
这种问题没有答案
These are tricky questions
因为牵扯太多了
that have all kind of implications.
这项科技正在从医学领域
The technology is transitioning from the medical domain
转化成主流
into the mainstream.
正因为如此
And as it does, the opportunities and challenges
它所带来的计划于和挑战
that this creates for us, we can't even begin
让我们手足无措
to get our heads around.
我非常关心
I'm very concerned about who makes
谁会在神经科学做出突破
breakthroughs in neuroscience.
过去10年那些
布莱恩约翰逊 神经科学企业家
In the behaviors of people who've built
建立相关科技公司的人
the technology companies over the past decade,
他们所做的决定是至关重要的
their decision making processes matter a lot
他们会显著地影响整个社会
and they influence society dramatically.
我认为那些开展社交媒体的人
I think everybody that started social media
都会有强烈的意愿
had the best intention
我觉得没有人会预见
and I don't think anybody foresaw
它所导致的抑郁 焦虑
the levels of depression and anxiety and addiction
以及成瘾性
that it's caused.
我们大多数都使用社交网络
Most of us use social networks.
我们的想法被无法了解
Our opinions are being manipulated in
的方式操纵着
ways that we don't even understand.
我们怎么能
How do we try to mitigate for all
最大限度地降低那些完全无法预料的
of the potential things that could go wrong on a mass scale
不良风险呢
that we can't even predict?
非常重要的是整个社会要有所准备
As a society it's important we be ready for this.
所以我们尽量试着用不让他们感到不安的方式
So I'm trying to figure out how to talk about these topics
来跟他们聊这些话题
in a way that doesn't threaten people,
好让他们可以跟我一起探索
that enables them to explore them with me.
葡萄牙 里斯本市
我们即将进入人类历史上
We are about to enter into the most consequential
最为重大的革命时刻
revolution in the history of the human race.
我们可以控制自己的直觉进化
Where we can take control of our cognitive evolution.
充满了挑战
It's a very big challenge
因为人们会想着他们会失去什么
because people are considering what they're going to lose.
谁会干坏事
Who's going to do bad things?
但是我认为最大的障碍
But I think one of the greatest limiters
在于恐惧
to progress is fear.
假设我有一个工具可以接入我的脑部
Imagine if I had a tool to interface with my brain,
我可以进入别人的思想
where I could walk a mile in someone else's shoes.
要是我能和你感同身受
What if I could feel what it was like to be you?
要是我能理解你的语境
What if I could understand your contextual framework?
要是我理解了你的记忆和情感
What if I understood your memories and your emotions?
这样会改变我们互相相处的方式吗
Would that change the way we deal with each other?
我们合作 和我们做决定的方式
The way we cooperate, the way we make decisions?
它会改变我们的创造力吗
Would that change our creative ability?
15-20年内它就会以前所未有的规模
It's gonna be on our front doorsteps in 15-20 years
来到我们身边
on a scale we've never seen before.
所以我们在研发这些科技的时候
So how might we be thoughtful
要多深思熟虑呢
in building these technologies?
影响会是巨大的
The impact is going to be substantial.
我们需要去接受
And to acknowledge that that is the case,
放下顾虑
and reconcile what that means
这让会我们关于怎么探索 发展 对待这项科技
will allow us to have productive conversations
的探讨更有力
of how we might explore this, develop this, deal with this.
谢谢大家
Thank you.
一切都在于我们自己
The reality is it's up to us.
继续繁荣发展的关键
The key to our continued thriving,
想要的一切的关键就是
the key to everything we want
敞开胸怀
is to open up
思考这种我们从没想过的
and consider this new set of possibilities
新的可能性
that we've never considered before.
手术之前
Before the operation,
我希望一切顺利
I went in hoping everything would be fine.
我会成为一个全新的人
That I would be a new person.
但是我必须要接受未知
But I was forced to accept the unknown
打开心门去接受
and open myself up to something
那一点点的不同
a little bit different.
我真的说不清楚
I can't really explain it.
但是当我试着去感受
But when I try to see what it would be like
没有装上设备时的样子
if I didn't have the device on.
过了几秒钟 所有帕金森的症状
I wait a few seconds and all the symptoms
又都出现了
of Parkinson's are back.
我的脚趾都弯曲了 然后我开始摇晃
My toes are all curling under and I'm starting to sway.
变得僵硬
I get stiff.
无法走路
And I can't walk.
我的舌头捋不直
My tongue gets even thicker.
感觉都不能说话了
And it feels like I can't speak at all.
当设备又启动之后
And then when the device is turned on again,
我的行动就变得流畅多了
my movements become more fluent.
就好像这个机器在鼓励我
It's as if this machine is motivating me
变得正常
to get it right.
手术过去大概1年了
It's been almost a year since the surgery.
我曾经会下来这
I used to come down here and stare
看着我一箱一箱的纸
at my boxes of paper and wonder
想着我在这个世界会做出些什么
how in the world I was gonna make something.
不过现在好像我的积极性和创造力
But now it's as if my motivation and creative ability
又回来了
has just clicked in.
我脑袋和手之间就好像是
There's a connection that my brain is making to my hands
第一次连上了一样
that it never made before,
想做什么都可以
and anything I want to do, I can do.
亲爱的
Hi, Tootsie!
3个月前我们的第一个孙子出生了
We had our first grandchild about three months ago.
来吧 小可爱
Let's go Mr. Jellybean.
神经刺激器让你
The neurostimulator's stopping you
不再抖腿了 你现在可以逗逗他了
from shaking your legs so now you can't jostle him.
她巨大的焦虑感消失了
Her anxiety, which was horrible, has disappeared.
现在我们可以去城里 参加演唱会
Now we can go to the city, take in a concert,
过过戏瘾
take in a play.
以前的一切又都回来了
It all comes together the same way it used to.
安和我开始参加舞蹈课了
Anne and I started taking dance lessons together.
真的吗
Oh, you did?
是的
Yep.
手术并没有阻止
The procedure didn't stop
疾病的恶化
the disease from progressing.
但是帮我们挽回了很多时间
But we bought a lot of time.
我哭是因为
I get teary because
你看
you can see just
之前所做的一切都是值得的
that the things you did were worth doing.
我能相信
It's an amazing feeling
这感觉特别棒
that I can trust,
不知道该怎么说
I don't know how to even say this.
不过我相信我的脑袋更好用了
but I can trust my brain to work better now.
当我失明的时候
When I lost my vision,
最难的就是想办法
the hardest part was trying to figure out
去找人帮忙
how to ask for help.
幸运的是 我有个姐姐
Fortunately, I had my sister.
又到罗伊·汤普森音乐厅了
Right by Roy Thomson Hall again.
好的
Okay.
天快黑了
We're walking into the sunset.
我们进去
Why don't we go in there
买张票坐坐吧
and get tickets to do something?
至少里面暖和一点
At least it'll be warm.
我希望随着时间推移
I'm hoping that over time I'll see
我可以看到东西大致的模样
outline of objects.
桌子 门
Tables and doors.
当我过马路的时候
And when I'm crossing the street,
我能看到
I can distinguish,
哦 有一辆车正朝我开过来
oh ok this is a car and it's coming right for me,
快闪开
get out of the way.
我必须重新训练我的思维
I had to learn to retrain my mind
对未来制定新的规划
and have a new perspective of my future.
我认为他很快就能重新独立了
I think his independence will come back.
他充满了动力和欲望
He's definitely got the motivation and the drive.
我很期待
I'm very excited for him.
在我的意外之前
Before my accident,
我不会太多关注到医疗研究
I didn't really think about medical research.
你是明星
You the star.
我也曾是个小人物
I was just a pee-on too.
你也是小人物
You was a pee-on?
是的 无足轻重
Yeah, I was nobody.
无足轻重
You were nobody.
但现在我小有名气了
But now I'm somebody.
现在你小有名气
But now you're somebody.
但是必须得有人去做研究
But somebody has to do research
不然的话就不会再有突破
or no breakthroughs are gonna happen.
即使我个人一无所获
And even if I don't get any benefit out of this,
终究会有人会因为我而受益的
eventually somebody's gonna benefit from what I'm doing
这让我感觉与众不同
and that makes me feel special.
好了 比尔 准备好了吗
Right, Bill, you ready?
这次不会有辅助
This time it'll be you with no assistance.
完全靠你自己
So it'll just be all you here.
准备好了
I'm ready.
好 开始
All right, here we go.
张开
Open.
张开
Open.
张开
Open.
再试试
Try it again.
看看你能不能张开手
See if you can open your hand.
比尔 集中注意力
Bill, focus.
伸手
Out.
看看肱三头肌
Just checking triceps.
抬手
Up.
并拢
Close.
手并拢
Close your hand.
收手
Reach in.
放下
Down.
伸手
Out.
二头肌
Biceps.
检查一下
Just checking.
收手
In.
不可思议
It's amazing.
伸手
Out.
准备来点土豆泥吗
Ready for some mashed potatoes?
是的
Yes I am.
像大部分人一样
Like most people, you know,
我以为四肢瘫痪的人
I thought quadriplegics all were, you know
都整天躺着 什么也不做 哪里也不去
stuck in bed, they didn't do anything, didn't move around.
手放低
Bring your arm down.
他的肘动作好像很强烈
He seems to have a very strong elbow movements.
不过现在…
But now....
再举起来
Raise up again.
我在学习
I'm learning
那不是真的
that's not really true.
土豆泥
Mashed Potatoes.
我爱吃
I love it.
能用叉子吃东西
To be able to eat something with a fork.
太棒了
It's wonderful.
很好
Good, good good.
这是开创性的工作
This is groundbreaking work.
比尔科切瓦 是我们知道的
Bill Kochevar, is the first person to our knowledge
第一个用脑机植入方式
to use an implanted brain computer interface
控制伸手和抓握的人
to control both reaching and grasping
你想想
just by thinking.
现在是土豆泥 下一步是牛排吗？
Mashed potatoes now, steak next?
他是先驱
He is a pioneer.
准备好了吗
You ready?
是的
Yes I am!
比尔总是在问我们下一步是什么
Bill is always asking us what is the next step.
我希望最终能够
My hope is that it will eventually become available
脱离实验室设备
outside of a laboratory setting,
藏在外面用户的身上
invisible to the outside user,
让那些脊髓受伤的人
and give persons with spinal cord injury
有能力完成他们自己的任务
the ability to perform tasks on their own,
让他们更独立
to increase their independence,
让他们活得更好
to increase their quality of life.
我相信我们可以有能力掌控大脑
I believe that we can harness the power of the brain
有能力去掌控电脑
and harness the power of computers
战胜我们所面对的最关键的障碍
to overcome some of the most critical limitations we face.
我们正在努力
We are walking down this path
跟科技融为一体
of merging with our technology.
我们对脑部的洞悉
The insights we make with the brain
会让我们每一个人重新思考人生
will invite all of us to ask questions of ourselves
这会动摇人们对于自我认知和终极意义上
that challenge our deepest held beliefs
广为接受的观点
on identity and purpose.
那么人类意味着什么
So what does it mean to be human?
对我来说 意味着我们可以成为自己喜欢的样子
To me, it means we can become anything we want.
睡觉
Sleep.
睡觉
Sleep.
借助于深部脑刺激技术 安现在每天都进行艺术创作
她和斯坦刚刚去墨西哥进行了家庭旅行 庆祝他们结婚40周年
史蒂芬仍在使用阿格斯2代眼镜进行着视觉训练
他的猫 安吉终于不躲着了
布瑞恩和他的团队今年展示了他们首个非植入性设备
他们计划于2021年公开世界上第一个高清晰度可穿戴脑部介入器
8个月之后大脑之门发表了他们的研究结果 比尔因为复杂的病情去世
感谢比尔的付出 大脑之门团队期待在接下来的10年中 研发出世界第一个非植入无线设备来帮助瘫痪者
行业专家预计到2029年全球会有超过1百万人使用非植入性脑机接口设备